무역장벽-영문

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무역장벽과 인터네셔널 마케팅의 어려운점 들에 대한 영문 발표자료

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Marketing Barriers: Non-Tariff
World Trade Organization

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Marketing Barriers: Non-Tariff
Non-tariff barriers are nontransparent 투명하지않은and not as straightforward
Government participation참여
Administrative guidance (consulting)
Government procurement조달 and state trading
Government is the ultimate buyer
Subsidies
Government provides financial assistance
Can be directly financial or in the form of rebates of taxes
Marketing Barriers: Tariffs
Distribution point: distribution and consumption taxes
Single-stage
Tax collected at one point in manufacturing and distribution (collected at final consumer)
Value-added tax
Taxes collected are multi-stage
Cascade
Taxes



1.2Moral arguments in favor of free trade
1.2.1Free trade is a rightany trade restraint is immorala priori,since restricting the rights ofsovereign consumersto purchase foreign goods is outside the scope of legitimate government. This is in the tradition of the anti-Corn Law radicals, likeRichard Cobden, who concluded their 1838 parliamentary petition with an appeal to "negative liberty":
1.2.2Increasing commerce makes war less likelyWarith one another.
1.2.3Protectionism sullies the cause of patriotism
1.2.4Free trade reduces povertyConflating the "moral" and "economic" arguments are those campaigners who say that increased trade is the best way to relieve extreme poverty throughout the worl
1.3Sociopolitical arguments in favor of free trade
1.3.1Free trade enriches culturesConcepts such ascultural conservatismandnationalismare premised on the notion that a given culture is both

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